Health Related Physical Fitness Physical Education Essay

wellness Related forcible natural somatic fittingness sensible program line EssayPhysical material fitness is the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness without undue plummetigue and ample energy to enjoy leisure sequence pursuits and meet unforeseen emergencies. (Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sport)Physical fitness is the ability of the heart, roue vessels, lungs and bookivenessmans to perform at optimal ability. (Bud Getchell, PhD)Physical fitness is the ability to perform moderate to vigorous levels of corporeal activity without undue padigue and the capability of maintaining such ability passim life. (American Col peglege of Sport Medicine)Physical fitness is a prep atomic number 18 of attributes that people turn over or achieve that relates to the ability to perform animal(prenominal) activity. (U.S. Centers for Disease potency and Prevention)Definitions with vague, orbitive wordings and definitions made up of terms that also need defining led to confusion and lack of ability for objective ratement of corporal fitness. There atomic number 18 opposite numerous definitions of forcible fitness which atomic number 18 vague and typesetters caseive as signed by the below pass onmentPhysical fitness is whizz of the nearly slimy defined and most oft mis partd terms in the English Language. (Brian Sharkey, PhD, professor emeritus of atomic number 109 State University)To change objective standardment of physical fitness, it is divided into 2 components wellness- tie in components of physical fitness and athletic ability components of physical fitness. The later components be colligate to performance or skill. jut X Components of physical fitness (ACSM, 2008).From the public wellness perspective, wellness cerebrate physical fitness argon to a greater extent important than those cerebrate to athletic ability or argon skill-related or performance related components. The perspicacity o f health related physical fitness is commonly make by fitness professionals, however, despite the accept importance of health related physical fitness, it is not commonly assessed by clinicians(ACSM, 2008).As illustrated in figure X below, exclusively health-related components of physical fitness contribute matesly and in balance to the whole construct of health related physical fitness. assure X A balance among in exclusively five components to the construct of health related physical fitness (ACSM, 2008).a. Cardiorespiratory fitnessCardiorespiratory fitness is related to the ability of a person to perform large vigor, dynamic, moderate to high intensity mould for prolong periods and can be assessed by mingled techniques. Cardiorespiratory fitness of a person reflects the functional capability of the heart, source vessels, melody, lungs and relevant muscles during various guinea pigs of reading demands. It is related to the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, mo derate-to-high intensity exercise for prolonged periods.There are m some(prenominal) methods available to step or assure cardiorespiratory fitness. Those methods fall into three general types of assessment which arei. Field interrogation.These screen outs generally demand maximal effort for the best score. For this type of canvas, the proceedss have to perform a timed completion of a original distance, complete a measured distance, or perform for a set time to predict cardiorespiratory fitness. Examples of field block outs modes complicate walk, walk-run, cycle, swim and some others.ii. Submaximal action test.This type of test require exploitation either step test or a single-stage or a multi-stage submaximal exercise protocol to predict maximal aerobic capacity or cardiorespiratory fitness from submaximal measures of efficiency of certain measured variables (usually heart rate response). Some modes of submaximal exertion tests include steps, treadmill, cycle and other s. M both of these tests demand to be performed in a testing ground setting.iii. Maximal exertion testMaximal exertion test use a graded or progressive exercise test to measure an idiosyncratics volitional fatigue or exhaustion which involves a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness rather than prediction and is probably performed in a laboratory setting.Maximal exertion test along with exhibition of expired gases is considered as a true mensuration of cardiorespiratory fitness however it is desirable in many setting. Decision of which test to be use depends on* Time demands* Expenses or costs* Personnel necessary (qualification)* Equipment or facilities needed* Physician supervision needed* Population tested (safety concern)* Need for accuracy of informationb. flexibleness tractability in health related physical fitness is defined as the ability of a person to move a joint by its complete score of style. Flexibility is not joint specific as it is dependent upon which muscl e and joint being evaluated. Other factors heart and souling flexibility includes distensibility of the joint capsule, adequate ardent up, muscle viscocity and compliance of ligaments and tendons. Flexibility assessment is necessary because of the recognized acquaintance amid decreased performances of activities of daily vitality with inadequate flexibility. Development of sizable lower back twinge may be contributed by poor lower back pelvic girdle flexibility. In reality, at that places no single test that can used to truly characterize a persons flexibility. The most widely used test for the assessment of flexibility is the sit and dawn test. Even though it does not portray the whole consistence flexibility, it does represent hamstring, hip and lower back flexibility.c. hefty strengthmesomorphic strength in health related physical fitness refers to the maximal force that can be generated by a specific muscle or muscle meeting.d. Muscular survivalMuscular endurance r efers to the ability of a muscle group to execute reiterate contractions over a period of time sufficient to cause mesomorphic fatigue, or to maintain a specific piece of the maximum large-minded provide contraction for a prolong period of time.CENCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKCardiovascular diseases guess (National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance, 2009)1. Modifiable riska. Lifestyle relatedi. Nutritionii. Physical activity leveliii. Smoking statusiv. inebriant in recogniseb. Metabolic riski. snag pressureii. Waist perimeter and frame mass indexiii. Serum lipidiv. Blood shekels2. Non modifiable riska. ageb. Sexc. Family history of premature CVDd. tender history (cultural identity, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, mental health)Physical Fitnessa. Health related physical fitnessa. Cardiovascular enduranceb. muscle endurancec. muscle strengthd. flexibilityJUSTIFICATION OF STUDYOBJECTIVES1. General objectivesTo compare the operation of escaped metro reproduction using descend breasts and ankle-wrist incubuss on physical structure make-up, metabolous risk and health related physical fitness level.2. peculiar(prenominal) objectivesi. To regularize and compare the effect of decrepit opponent rearing amidst using bosoms and using ankle-wrist encumbrances in term of changes in body com sica. corpse mass indexb. Waist electrical circuitc. Waist to hip proportionalityd. Percentage in body fate. ample free massii. To determine and compare the effect of light resistance bringing up between using dumbbells and using ankle-wrist cants in term of metabolic risksa. Blood pressureb. Lipidsi. Total cholesterolii. LDL-Ciii. HDL-Civ. Non-HDLv. Total cholesterol/HDL-C ratiovi. TGc. desist line of merchandise sugariii. To determine and compare the effect of light resistance fosterage between using dumbbells and using ankle-wrist weights in term of other components of health related physical fitnessa. Cardiorespiratory fitnessb. Flexibilityc. Muscular e nduranced. Muscular strength3. Research questionsDoes light resistance training using dumbbells have a similar significant estimable effects compared to light resistance training using ankle-wrist weights.4. domain schemeBoth types of light resistance training using dumbbells or using ankle-wrist weights does have beneficial effects in term of improvement in body firearm, reducing metabolic risk and improving health related physical fitness level. systemOLOGYTumpat is a district (jajahan) in Kelantan, dictated at the East Coast of peninsular Malaysia. The town of Tumpat is approximately 15km from the state capital, Kota Bharu. Tumpat district has an sweep of 169.5 square kilometres is one of the smallest district in Kelantan (Tumpat rule Council, 2012). Total community of Tumpat district in 2010 was 143,793 with the majority being the Malays (130,922 or 91.0%). Other ethnic groups include Chinese (6,227 or 4.8%), Siamese (4,784 or 3.7%) and Indians (121 or less than 1.0%). Tu mpat district is divided into seven subdistrict (mukim) which is Jal Besar, Kebakat, Pengkalan Kubor, Sungai Pinang, Terbok, Tumpat and Wakaf Bharu (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010b, Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010a).1. Study designThis is a single-centred, randomized parallel group trial.2. Reference populationThe inference population for this translate were Malaysian braggart(a)s3. Target populationThe keister population were Malaysian overweight and obese adults4. Source populationThe outset population for this take in were all adults living in Tumpat Districts.5. taste investOverweight and obese adults living in Tumpat District were recruited for this body of work.6. Subjectsi. Inclusion criteriaa. immemorial equal or more than 18 years old at the time of recruitment.b. consistence mass index of equal or more than 23 kg/m2.ii. Exclusion criteriaa. Pregnancyb. On any weight management treatment/programi. Taking any medical specialty which the capital i ntention is to reduce weightii. Taking any traditional medication which the primary intention os to reduce weightiii. On any forageary modification for weight managementc. Existing joint pain which restrict physical movementd. Existing cardiac condition which confine physical activity i.e. a person with NYHA Functional capacity sieve II, III and IV (American Heart Association, 2011)7. Sample Size determination form of shells required for this study were conductd using take size reckoning for test of means with repeated measures in STATA software (StataCorp., 2011). With power of study (1-?) set at 80% and ? set at 0.05, summary of sample size compute were as table X below shelve X summary of sample size calculationvariable8. Sampling techniquesAll eligible and consented subjects were included in this study.9. Randomization techniquesSubjects were randomized into 2 treatment groups light resistance training using dumbbell and light resistance training using ankle-wrist weight s using RandomAllocation Software pas seul 1.0 (Saghaei, 2004).10. fulgurousNo blinding methods were applied in this study. Both histrions and observer inhabit group allocation.11. Study time and continuanceThis study was conducted for 6 months reference from March 2012 until August 2012.12. Methods* Both groups allow receive health tuition of promotion of healthy lifestyle which includes promotion of healthy diet, encouraging physical activity and benefits of not smoking.* resistivity trainingi. Dumbbell exercise.In this group, participants performed dumbbell exercise with a pair of light weight (1kg) soft dumbbells for at least 15 turns per day, three non consecutive days per work workweek using dumbbell exercise method invented by Professor Suzuki Masashige, bulls eye Inst. Health Sport Science, University of Tsukuba (Suzuki, 2000). Supervised group exercises were conducted for 3 months and after that, the subjects will be required to do the exercise on their own. S ubjects were assumption a diary to write the date and duration of training they perform. During hebdomadary trace up, adherence to exercise was assessed. Subjects who did not adhere to nominal requirement of training will be excluded from the study. Non adherence was defined as a participant who performs the training less than 80% of required frequency and duration (less than 9 times per month). Figure X below illustrates the resistance training using soft dumbbells with sets of movement as below. This dumbbell exercise consists of 12 steps with 12 repetitions using a pair of soft light weight dumbbell. amount 1 further up motion pervert 2 pull mickle motion quantity 3 the leg deform stones throw 4 Upper body twists left and right die movement graduation 5 double doors closing movement whole tone 6 opening and closing movement preceding tilt swingStep 7 winding down motion with both handsStep 8 winding down with one hand movementStep 9 pulling down with one hand movementSte p 10 hand down the back swing movementStep 11 arms swing down forward movementStep 12 bending arms stretched behind the head movementFigure X 12 steps of dumbbell exercise using sandbags.ii. Resistance training using ankle and wrist weights.This group of subjects was not given any specific exercise regime. They were given a pair of 0.5 kg ankle and pair of 0.5kg wrist weights and they were instructed to wear them for at least 15 handsomes 3 non consecutive days per week during activities of daily living which involves movements of upper and lower limbs such as walking, doing house chores or gardening. Subjects will be given a diary to write the date and duration of training they perform. Adherence to the training was assessed every week. Non adherence was define as a participant who perform the training less than 80% of required frequency and duration (less than 9 times per month) and those who did not meet minimal requirement of the training were excluded from the study.13. Tools and materialsa. info collection sheetA info collection sheet was used to obtain demography entropy of the subjectsi. Ageii. Sexiii. Raceb. Anthropometry beatsAnthropometric measurement was assessed by a group of trained personnel. Measurements as below were obtained.i. HeightMeasurement of prime was through with(p) using a stadiometer. With topographic point removed, standing straight up and sounding straight ahead, the subject take a deep breath and hold. The height was recorded in centimetres to the nearest 0.5cm (ACSM, 2008).ii. Waist borderThe cannon circumference was measured using a non elastic measuring tape with the subject stand straight and relaxed. Measurement was taken 2.5 cm (1 inch) in a higher place the navel and below the xiphoid process. The measuring tape was applied tautly but not tightly avoiding compression or pin get upg of the skin. The smallest circumference at the measurement area was taken as waist circumference, recorded to the nearest 0.5cm ( ACSM, 2008).iii. Hip circumferenceSimilarly, hip circumference was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm using a non elastic plastic tape at the largest circumference around the buttocks, above the gluteal fold (posterior extension) (ACSM, 2008) .iv. Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR)As it name indicate, WHR is a similarity between circumferences of the waist to the circumference of the hip and it represents the distribution of body weight and perhaps body fat of an individual an important predictor of health risks of obesity. The WHR or also known as the abdominal to gluteal ratio (AG ratio) were expressed as a ratio hence there are no units. Calculation as below was used to calculate WHR (ACSM, 2008)v. Resting blood pressureElectronic blood pressure monitoring thingumabob Medisana Upper Arm Blood Pressure Monitor MTD (Medisana AG.) were used to measure resting blood pressure. Subjects are requested to be free of stimulants which include nicotine products, caffeine products, alcohol or other card iovascular stimulants for at least 30 second bases out front the resting measurement. The subjects also did not involve in any strenuous exercise for at least 60 minutes before resting blood pressure measurement. For measurement of blood pressure, the subjects were asked to sit comfortably on a chair with back well supported, feet flat, leg uncrossed and relaxed. The right arm which was used for blood pressure measurement in this study was free from any clothing, rested on a table and slenderly flexed at the elbow. An appropriate size misfortune (a normal adult cuff for those with arm sizes between 24 and 32 cm, and a large adult cuff for those with arm sizes between 32 and 42 cm) was used. The BP cuff with bladder width between 40 to 50% of arm circumference and the length of bladder encircled at least 80% of the subjects arm circumference was applied tightly at the level of subjects heart. Second resting blood pressure measurement was done at least one full minute after the f irst measurement and if the first and second measurement differ by more than 5 mmHg, third measurement was taken after one full minute (ACSM, 2008).vi. Resting heart rateResting heart rate measurement was taken unitedly with resting blood pressure using similar device used for blood pressure measurement as above.c. Assessment of body compositionBody composition was determined using the bioelectrical impedance method Omron Karada Scan HBF-362 Body Composition Monitor which gives information oni. Weightii. Body mass indexiii. Total body fativ. Subcutaneous fat dowerv. Visceral fat levelvi. Skeletal muscle percentagevii. Fat free mass were calculated by extracting total body fat from the body weight. Calculations as below were used.Bioelectric impedance abridgment is based on the principle that the resistance to an applied electric current is inversely related to the amount of fat-free mass within the body. This method does not take into account the location of body fat. This metho d of body composition analysis is very simple and quick to perform. The impedance measure is affected by body hydration status, body temperature, time of day, and therefore requires well controlled conditions to get surgical and reliable measurements. If a person is dehydrated, the amount of fat will likely be overestimated. Bioelectrical impedance measures the resistance of body tissues to the flow of a small, immaculate electrical signal. The proportion of body fat can be calculated as the current flows more easily through the parts of the body that are composed mostly of water (such as blood, urine muscle) than it does through bone, fat or air. It is possible to predict how much body fat a person has by combining the bioelectric impendence measure with other factors such as height, weight, gender, fitness level and age.To gibe validity of the BIA measurement, several(prenominal) measures was taken to learn that the subjects has normal hydration level.* No eating or inebriat ion within 4 hours of the test.* No exercise within 12 hours of the test* Urinate completely within 30 minutes prior to testOmron Karada Scan HBF-362 Body Composition Monitor was used for this test. Researcher inputs the subjects age, gender and height and indeed the subject which wear light clothing steps onto the platform barefoot and retentiveness the hand electrodes at 90 degrees. Electrodes in the foot and hand sensor pads send a low, safe signal through the body. Weight, body mass index, total body fat percentage, subcutaneous fat percentage, visceral fat level, and skeletal muscle percentage is calculated automatically in less than a minute.d. Health related physical fitnessThe remaining components of health related physical fitness level besides body composition were then assessed in all participants. Before starting these assessment, subjects were ex theatreed take ining the tests procedures and notification were done by researchers to ensure subjects clearly understan d and able to perform the tests with correct techniques.i. Cardiorespiratory fitnessAssessment of cardiorespiratory fitness to predict aerobic capacity of participants were done using Kasch Step test or also known as YMCA 3-Minutes Step test which relies on having the subject step up and down on a 30.48 cm (12 inch) step street corner. Before commencing test to the participants, the techniques were explained to the participants and demonstration of the alternating stepping cadence was done. A metronome was set at cadence of 96 beat per minute which gives a stepping rate of 24 steps per minute (4 clicks = one step cycle). With the first beat, one foot is stepped up on the bench, stepped up with the second foot on the second beat, stepped down with one foot on the 3rd beat, and stepped down with the other foot on the fourth beat. The subjects were also allowed to practice the stepping to the metronome cadence. After the three minutes are up, the subjects stop and palpate the quiver at the radial site sequence standing within the first 5 seconds. A 60 seconds pulse count is taken as the test score (toptrendsports.com, 2012, ACSM, 2008).ii. Muscular enduranceTo assess muscle endurance of the subjects, deuce test was administered the push-up test and the curl-up test.Push-up test The test was administered with the male subjects starting in the standard down position (hand pointing forward and under the bring up, back straight, head up, using the toes as the diametrical point) and the feminine subjects in the modified knee push-up position (legs together, lower leg in contact with mat with ankles plantar flexed, back straight, hands lift width apart, head up, using knees as the pivotal point). The subjects then provoke the body by straightening the elbows (up position) and then return to the down position until the chin touches the mat. The stomach is maintained elevated and not touching the mat. The subjects position is ensure to be straight at all times an d the subjects must push up to a straight arm position. the test was stopped when the subjects strains forcibly or is unable to maintain the appropriate technique within dickens repetition. The maximal number of push-ups performed consecutively without rest was counted as the score (ACSM, 2008).Figure X Push-ups performed by male subjects.Figure X Push-ups performed by female subjects.One minute sit-up test (Crunch test) With the shoes remained on, the test was performed with the subjects swallow a supine position on a mat, the knees at 90 degrees and the hands held across the chest. The trunk was then elevated to 30 degrees, lifting the shoulder blades off the mat hands placed on the thighs and then subjects then do a slow, controlled curl-up until the hands reach the knee caps. The subjects were required to do as many curl-ups as possible in one minute and the number of curl-ups performed without pausing were recorded as the score (ACSM, 2008).iii. Muscular strength delay test u sing a Lafayette 100kg Hand postponement Dynamometer model LA-78010 was conducted to determine muscular strength of the subjects. The test was performed with the subject standing and using the ascendant hand only. The grip bar of the dynamometer was adjusted for each subject, ensuring that the grip bar fit comfortably within the subjects hand and the second joint of the finger fit under the handle of the cargo hold dynamometer. Before starting test, the bobby pin dynamometer is set to zero. The subject holds the delay dynamometer parallel to the side of the body at about waist level with the forearm levelled with the thigh and the arm is slightly flexed.The subject then squeezes the handgrip dynamometer as hard as possible without holding their breath (Valsalva maneuver) and the results was recorded in kilograms. For each subject, the test was repeated two more times and the highest reading was taken as the measure of handgrip strength (ACSM, 2008).Figure X Use of hand-grip dyna mometer to testiv. FlexibilityFor assessment of flexibility, the Sit and Reach test (Trunk Flexion) using a sit-and-reach box was administered. Before starting the test, subjects were offered the opportunity to do some stretching exercises and light to moderate aerobic exercise for 5- 10 minutes to warm up their muscles. Subjects were allowed to take a few practice tries before the actual measurement and if the subject has any back problem or the test bothers them, the subject was excluded for the assessment. To assist with the best attempt, the subjects were conscious to exhale and drop the head between the arms when reaching. The knees of the participants were kept extended (but not pressed down). Subjects were also advised to breathe normally and that they should not hold their breath during the test.The subject sits without shoes and the sole soles of the feet flat over against the sit-and-reach box at the 26cm mark. Inner edges of the soles were placed within 2cm of the measu ring scale. With hands kept parallel, the participant then slowly reaches forward with both hands as far as possible and the fingertips were in contact with the measuring portion of the sit-and-reach box. This position was hold for approximately 2 seconds. The test were repeated three times and the score taken was the most distant point (in nearest cm) reached with the fingertips (ACSM, 2008).Figure X Sit and reach test using a sit-and-reach box.e. Biochemical analysisFive millilitres of blood from antecubital vein was taken from each subject after at least 12 hours overnight fasting for biochemical analysis of metabolic abnormalities. The blood was collected in two tubes, the first tube was plain tube without anticoagulant and the second tube was with oxalate/fluoride. The samples were send to a hugger-mugger independent laboratory (BP laboratory) for biochemical analysis belowa. Fasting blood sugarb. Fasting lipid profiles14. selective information collection* At baseline, all par ticipants were given advice on healthy lifestyle promotion of healthy diet and physical activity.* The study participants then completed questionnaires and assessments fora. Sociodemography.b. Measurement of anthropometry.c. Body composition measurement.d. Health related components of physical fitness assessment.e. Biochemical analysis for blood sugar and lipid profiles.* The study participants were then randomized into two equal size groups. The first group undergo light resistance training using dumbbells and the second group undergo light resistance training using ankle-wrist weights for at least 15 minutes, three times per week. gathering training was conducted for the first 3rd months in the dumbbell group with weekly adherence monitoring for both groups.* At the end of first one-sixth and twelfth week, patient were assessed fora. Anthropometry measurementb. Body composition measurementc. Physical fitness assessmentd. Biochemical analysis* After the third months, participants in both groups were required to do the light resistance training on their own and at the end of 6th month, all the above parameters were assessed again to look at the sustainability of the training program and its effects.Statistical analysisData entry and statistical analysis were done using SPSS software version 18.0 (SPSS Inc.).As the same subjects were observed on multiple occasions (at baseline, 6th, 12th and twenty-fourth week), repeated measures analysis of variances were selected as the statistical test. As data were obtained repeatedly from the same subjects, RM ANOVA enables us to obtain information regarding individuals patterns of change, were more economical as fewer subjects were required and enable us to reduce error of variance. Carry-over effects and latency effect were not involved in this study as theres no cross-over of intervention in the study design. However, learning effect exponent be involved in this study especially in assessing health-related components of physical fitness as the subjects might improve with repetition of the assessment.For all objectives, all the three different designs used in repeated measures were assessed in this study* Within group factors with regard to time (time effect)o 6th week compared to baselineo 12th week compared to baselineo twenty-fourth week compared to baselineo 12th week compared to 6th weeko 24th wee compared to 6th weeko 24th week compared to 12th week* Between group factors regardless of time (treatment effect)o Ankle-wrist weight group compared to dumbbell group* Within-between group factors with regard to time (Time-treatment interaction).o Ankle-wrist weight group compared to dumbbell group at baselineo Ankle-wrist weight group compared to dumbbell group at 6th weeko Ankle-wrist weight group compared to dumbbell group at 12th weeko Ankle-wrist weight group compared to dumbbell group at 24th weekAll the four steps involved in RM ANOVA were executed as belowi. Data exploration and cleaningii . Fit the RM ANOVA modeliii. Checking assumption ofa. newton of residualsb. Homogeneity of variancec. Assumption of compound symmetryiv. Interpretation, presentation and polishStep 1 Data exploration and cleaningDescriptive statistics for all the variables were obtained with data exploration. Any missing values and error in data entry were assessed before analysis with data cleaning. Subjects with missing data were excluded from analysis.For mathematical variables, descriptive statistics using syntax below were used to central point of numerical data, dispersion and graphical visualization of data normalcy (histogram with normality plot).FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=VariableName/FORMAT=NOTABLE/NTILES=4/STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MEDIAN/HISTOGRAM NORMAL/ bless=ANALYSIS.For categorical variables, syntax below was used to obtain frequency and percentage of those variables.FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=VariableName/PIECHART PERCENT/BARCHART FREQ/ORDER=ANALYSIS.Step 2 Fit the repeated measure ANOVA mode lRepeated measures ANOVA were executed using syntax belowGLMVar_baselineVar_sixwkVar_twelvewkVar_twentyfourwkBY Intervention/WSFACTOR=time 4 Polynomial/METHOD=SSTYPE(4)/POSTHOC=Intervention(BONFERRONI)/PLOT=PROFILE(time*intervention)/EMMEANS=TABLES(OVERALL)/EMMEANS=TABLES(intervention)