Jimmy Johns Company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1458 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2018/12/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? 1. Based on your understanding of this case, what possible reasons could Jimmy Johns management have for adopting this policy? If you were the HR manager at Jimmy Johns what pros and cons would you point out to management in terms of the effect of having this policy? JIMMY JOHNS COMPANY The world we live in today is so full of competition in the market place. It therefore requires company owners as well employees to find new ways of coping up with such competition. This was the same case for Jimmy Johns company which yearned to ensure that all their competitors do not get any chance of knowing how they got to make their own type of sandwiches. It is well known that the employees at Jimmy Johns have a vast knowledge on how to prepare the products. They also have a closer relationship with the customers hence making it easier for them to easily double-cross Jimmy Johns and make their way in the same line of market. Due to this, the company has laid out several rules and laws that would prevent the employees from stating up businesses with competition that is directly linked to Jimmy Johns. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Jimmy Johns Company" essay for you Create order Within any running company, the adoption of a new policy would likely lead to the rise of demerits as well as merits. This was also the case in Jimmy Johns. The demerits for Johns is that it prevents its employees from establishing any business of their own that would be in the same line with Jimmy Johns. Another demerit is in the ability of the company to ensure that all their customers secrets are secured and safeguarded. Preventing other companies taking part in the same line from employing its employees is also another demerit for Jimmy Johns. It contributes to the loss of jobs for many. Apart from the rise of merits and demerits, the application of new policies in a company would also lead to the generation of consequences. As for the case of Jimmy Johns, the consequence is that the company would be taking a huge risk in laying out its confidentiality to the legal suits and this could destroy how customers as well as the public at large view the companys reputation and image. An example of a case that would lead to this is when the public gets to realize that Jimmy Johns prevents all its employees from starting up businesses of their own in order to curb any competition that might give rise. This is policy simply does not have any logic and sense in it. In addition, another demerit finds its way for the company when personnel who are very much qualified for a job resort to not taking it up due to discouragements they face. There is not a single person whom when he or she gets to retire from working for a particular company, faces very strong prevention from starting up his or her own business due to fear that it might fall under the same line as the previous company thereby leading to complications, or the fact that they would not be able to look for another job in a similar company since they have the needed experience. As for the case of Jimmy Johns company, the employment of such policies could also prove to be a sign of being weak. The competition advantage of a company cannot depend majorly on the secrets being withheld. The achievement of this has to be creativity, innovation and research. The fact that such secrets could still leak even when the employees are still working for the company make the company highly vulnerable to facing defeat by itself. What makes these policies worse is the fact that they apply also to those lower workers who do not engage in any production process and do not know any information about how the materials could be manufactured. More logic could come out of these policies that are employed when they could only apply to the management team as well as those employees who get involved with direct production of the products. In the case where I was the HR manager at Jimmy Johns, I would highly advise the management committee to withdraw some of these policies because not only do they bring problems to the employees only but to the company as a whole. They for one discourage any qualified employee from seeking employment in the company, they also prevent retired employees from starting up their own businesses and finally they prevent other companies from employing additional personnel with the required set of skills. The policies are therefore mostly disadvantageous hence should be changed. 2. If you were an entry-level worker at Jimmy Johns how would the requirement to sign a non-compete agreement influence your opinion of the company? What likely steps might you take when you leave employment there? EMPLOYEES RIGHTS When looking for a job, one seeks to find it in a company that he or she can fully trust to enable all his goals achieved. The employee hopes for encouragement from the management officers as well as his or her fellow colleagues. It is with such an environment that all the workers would be able to do their best in ensuring that the companys objectives are also achieved. In a company such as Jimmy Johns, where the policies laid appear to be quite brutal, the work situations would forcedly change. For starters, the conditions required for the company would make one lack confidence on whether the company aims at most innovation from its employees, competence among the workers and their bosses, creativity generation among employees or even perfect strategies of Management coming from the highest council of Management within Jimmy Johns. It is the goal of each employee to attain the point of self-employment where he or she gets to start his or her own company. A company should ensure that the people who get employed could as well acquire job opportunities from other companies thereby sustaining their standards of living as well. The fact that we are at the time of the 21st century should be enough to enable the management teams think straight when coming up with all these policies. It is a time when both capital and technology should have the ability to freely move across any company interested, as long as it occurs legally. This would also help build the economy as a whole. Otherwise, the sustenance of such brutal policies would bring into much doubt the ability of the company to achieve any of its laid out goals and long-term objectives. On the inside of any working company, the adoption of a new policy would likely lead to the rise of demerits as well as merits. This was also the case in Jimmy Johns. The demerits for Johns is that it prevents its employees from establishing any business of their own that would be in the same line with Jimmy Johns. Another demerit is in the ability of the company to ensure that all their customers secrets are secured and safeguarded. Preventing other companies taking part in the same line from employing its employees is also another demerit for Jimmy Johns. It contributes to the loss of jobs for many. Apart from the rise of merits and demerits, the application of new policies in a company would also lead to the generation of consequences. As for the case of Jimmy Johns, the consequence is that the company would be taking a huge risk in laying out its confidentiality to the legal suits and this could destroy how customers as well as the public at large view the companys reputation and image. An example of a case that would lead to this is when the public gets to realize that Jimmy Johns prevents all its employees from starting up businesses of their own in order to curb any competition that might give rise. This is policy simply does not have any logic and sense in it. In the time when I would be in need of quitting my employment within the company, I would try convincing them away from causing a big deal out of it. It would be best if they have it in mind that you were nothing more than a staff member whose of a much lower position. That I also have no knowledge whatsoever of any business secrets that revolve around the organization. Upon doing this, one would be relieved of any stress that could have come with his or her retirement in the company. The company should allow any employee that leaves to take up any job of his or her choice wherever the geographical position it could be. Works cited EVANS, ROBERT C. Jimmy Company. 22 Apr. 2015.

The Tet Offensive Of The Vietnam War - 4649 Words

January 31, 1968 North Vietnamese attacked over 100 cities throughout South Vietnam on thirty-five of forty-four province capitals, thirty-six district towns, and many villages and hamlets. Dubbed the â€Å"Tet Offensive† because it coincided with the Vietnamese New Year’s holiday, Tet, was a turning point in the Vietnam War. Most historians agree that the Tet Offensive was the turning point in the Vietnam War as events shifted the role of United States involvement in Southeast Asia as the shock it produced was the catalyst that led to the reevaluation of U.S. policy. While intelligence failure contributed to the shift in the Vietnam War, most historians have disagreed on the role of the media in aiding the American public’s views against the war. The Tet Offensive Intelligence Failure in War, written in 1991, James J. Wirtz argues, that Tet was unsuccessful because it failed to achieve its main goal which was to put an end to the war under communists terms. However, the communists had not for seen the reaction it would have especially how it would lead to the failure of U.S. policies in South Vietnam. Indeed, Tet had essential positive effects for Hanoi as it revealed that the immense U.S. military presence had not been able to stop the North Vietnamese Army infiltration into the South. Wirtz claims that the communist offensive was both a dismal military failure and a brilliant political success. Richard Betts agrees with Wirtz’s claim that, â€Å"Tet did not end theShow MoreRelatedThe Tet Offensive Of The Vietnam War2264 Words   |  10 Pagesthe war is almost over and would be leaving soon. The North on the other hand was preparing there last stand the Tet Offensive. The communist rule in Vietnam would not go out with out a fight they planned air raids on 40 cities. The key city they wanted to focus on was the city of Saigon, this was the capital city of the democratic Vietnam. If they could take this city over this would mostly likely mean the withdrawal of the United States. The Tet offensive was the turning point in the Vietnam warRead MoreTet Offensive And Its Impact On The Vietnam War1347 Words   |  6 PagesTet Offensive The Tet Offensive received its name from the Vietnamese Lunar New Year, the American public and further holiday called Tet (Tet Offensive n.p.).The series of surprise attacks that the North Vietnam and Viet Cong forces launched to attack many of South Vietnam cities and U.S. Embassy in Saigon is known today as the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive played a role in the Vietnam War and was considered to many Americans, soldiers, and even the President as a turning point in theRead MoreEssay on The Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War2394 Words   |  10 PagesThe Tet Offensive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Tet Offensive was a major assault by the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong against South Vietnam and the U.S. forces situated there. It was not only a psychological advance for the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong, but also gave the United States a notion that the war wasn’t going to be an easy win, and the chances of winning the war were, in fact, very slim.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war initially was an attempt to limit the spread of communism throughout Asia. Similar toRead MoreThe Tet Offensive in the Vietnam War Essay2446 Words   |  10 PagesWhen asked about the United States’ involvement in Vietnam Charles de Gaulle responded by saying, â€Å"I predict†¦ that you will, step by step, be sucked into a bottomless military and political quagmire† (Wills 29). The Vietnam War should have been negotiated to an end and troops removed directly following the Tet Offensive, because by that time, it was made evident that further fighting would only cause more unnecessary harms. Often in history nations try to justify their actions any way they canRead MoreThe Vietnam War And Impact Of The Tet Offensive On American Ideology4408 Words   |  18 PagesThe Vietnam War and the Impact of the Tet Offensive on American Ideology Isabel Shea January 31, 1968 North Vietnamese attacked over 100 cities throughout South Vietnam on thirty-five of forty-four province capitals, thirty-six district towns, and many villages and hamlets. Dubbed the â€Å"Tet Offensive† because it coincided with the Vietnamese New Year’s holiday, Tet, was a turning point in the Vietnam War. Most historians agree that the Tet Offensive was the turning point in the Vietnam War as eventsRead MoreWhy Did The Tet Offensive Affect America s Societal Opinion On The Involvement Of The Vietnam War1739 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: Subject: History Title: The Tet Offensive, Turning point of 1968. In january, 1968 the Tet Offensive of the Vietnam war was launched. The Tet Offensive was a carefully planned military campaign composed of surprise attacks on the republic of Vietnam by the communist parties of North and South Vietnam during the vietnamese holiday, Tet. The Tet offensive, militarily was a massive defeat for the communist parties of Vietnam, however it led to mass disillusionment within the U.S., diminishingRead MoreTo what extent can the Tet Offensive of 1968 be described as a key turning point in the Vietnam War in the Years 1963-73? (30 marks)842 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Tet Offensive of 1968 be described as a key turning point in the Vietnam War in the Years 1963-73? (30 marks) The Tet Offensive could be described as a key turning point because it shook USA’s confidence in winning the war, both sides changed their tactics and also because it led to a decrease of support for the war in the USA. However there were many other key turning points such as the Gulf of Tonkin incident, the attack at Pleiku and the Battle of Ac Bac. Overall the Tet Offensive couldRead MoreThe Vietnam War1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War was another United States attempt in containing Communism in southeastern Asia. To this point in the Cold War, containment dominated U.S. foreign policy and already led the U.S. into a war, Korea. In 1964, The North Vietnamese attacked the U.S.S. Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin. Soon after the attack, the U.S. Senate crafted the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave President Johnson the ability to engage in the Vietnam War (Phillips). President Johnson immediately sent thousands ofRead MorePresident Lyndon B. Johnson1227 Words   |   5 PagesAmerica’s effort to secure a genuine victory in Vietnam was severely hindered by the Tet Offensive. This critical turning point had a tremendous impact on the public’s support for the war and the way the media reported the war to the American people. As a result, President Lyndon B. Johnson decided not to run for reelection, seeing that he would struggle to even keep his party’s nomination. Considered one of the worst wars fought in American history, the Vietnam War created many controversies and casualties:Read MoreThe Tet Offensive1443 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tet Offensive was unquestionably the biggest occurrence of the Vietnam War. While the military success of the Viet Cong in mounting a sustained revolt in cities across South Vietnam was virtually non-existent, the psychological impact it had on the American public was quite simply phenomenal. This effect was partially due to the reporting of the war by the media. To completely understand the impacts of Tet, we must first understand the goals of Tet. The execution of Tet was a failure on the

Life Without Gravity Essay Example For Students

Life Without Gravity Essay Gravity is really an unknown force. Wecan define it as a field of influence, andthat it effects the entire existence of theuniverse. Some people think that gravityconsists of particles called gravitons,which travel at the speed of light. Theonly thing we do know is how gravityoperates in different parts of our universe. Without gravity, there would be no spaceand time. There is a legend that says that Galileoonce dropped two objects off the LeaningTower of Pisa to show that the heavier ofthe two objectsdropped faster. If a feather and hammerwere the two objects he used thenobviously the hammer would hit theground first. This is due to air resistance,which is the force air exerts on a movingobject. This force acts in the oppositedirection to that of the objects motion. Inthe case of a falling object, air resistancepushes up as gravity pulls down, whichcauses the object to slow down. WhenGalileos experiment was repeated on themoon, the hammer and the feather hit theground at the exact same time. This is dueto the fact that the moon has no atmosphere. Therefore, air resistance doesnt exist onthe moon. Also, the amount of airresistance on an object depends on thespeed, size, shape, and density of theobject. The larger the surface area of theobject, the greater the amount of airresistance on it. This is why feathers,leaves, and sheets of paper fall moreslowly than pennies, acorns, andcrumpled balls of paper. There is another legend that states thatwhen Newton was lying against a tree inan orchard, he was struck on the head byan apple. He wondered what provided theacceleration for the apple to fall to theground. Was this a force of the earth onthe apple? If so, then the apple must exerta force on the earth according toNewtons law of action/reaction forces. Newton applied this theory unto theplanets, which orbit the sun. He found bystudying astronomical data, that the forcethat held the earth in orbit around the sunwas the same force that drew the appletoward the earth. This was theforce of gravity that is given by this scaryformula:F = Gm1*Gm2gravity _______r^2F equals the force in Newtons, G equalsthe gravitational constant which is 6.67 *10^-11 Nm^2 | kg^2, m1 and m2 equalthe mass of each body in kilograms, andfinally, r equals the distance between the2 bodies in meters. If all of this is confusing, I feel your pain,because it took me a long time to get thisall down!Another concept that is important tounderstand is terminal velocity. Terminalvelocity is the highest velocity that will bereached by a falling object. As an objectfalls through air, air resistance graduallyincreases until it balances the pull ofgravity. According to the law of inertia,when the forces acting on an object arebalanced, the motion of the object will notchange. When this happens, the fallingobject will stop accelerating. It willcontinue to fall, but at a constant, finalvelocity. Newtons laws of motion and law ofgravitation can be used to explain theforces, position and motion of all objectsin the universe. A simpleanalogy of how gravity controls themotion of a planet around the Sun can beshown by a mass on the end of a stringbeing spun around in a horizontal plane at constant speed. The ball hasconstant speed but the direction is alwayschanging so according to the definition ofvelocity the object must be undergoing aconstant acceleration. According toNewtons second law, for a mass to beaccelerating, it must have a resulting forceacting upon it. The question is: Wheredoes this force come?The forces involved can be examined byconsidering what happens when the stringbreaks. .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a , .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a .postImageUrl , .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a , .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a:hover , .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a:visited , .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a:active { border:0!important; } .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a:active , .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue3ff6f8898db72c80459a7e45207d54a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 6 elements to a contract EssayWhen the string breaks the mass is nolonger constrained to travel in its circularorbit and moved off in the direction asshown. This indicates that there must be aforce holding the mass in its circular orbit. It is directed towards the center of thecircle and is called the centripetal force. The centripetal force has a resultingcentripetal acceleration. The thing is, youcan extend all of these concepts, andapply them onto the objects like the sun,moon, planets, and even entire galaxies. The gravitational force of the sun, actingon the earth, keeps the earth in its orbit,preventing it from traveling away intointerstellar space. The gravitational forceof the earth, acting on us, holds us to theearths surface. The gravitationalattraction between a person and the earth is proportional the personsmass and inversely proportional to thesquare of the planets radius (distancefrom the person to the center). Thisnumber for gravitational attraction iscalled your weight. Every planet has mass and so everyplanet exerts a gravitational force onnearby objects. We say that planets havegravity. However, what we really mean isthat there is a gravitational force ofattraction between the planet and a personstanding on the planets surface. Thisforce depends on the visitors mass, theplanets mass, and the planets radius. Accordingly, people have differentweights on different planets. For example, a person on the moonweighs only about 1/6 as much as onearth. The moons radius is 25% earthsradius and the moons mass is 8% ofearths mass. So, if a student weighs 150pounds on earth, they would weigh only(1/6) * 150 pounds, which equals 25pounds, on the moon. Gravity does more than just keepingplanets orbiting the sun and causingpeople to have weight, gravity also causestides. In simple terms, the tides are caused by the gravitational attractionbetween the moon and earths oceansAND by the motion of earth throughouter space. Einstein predicted gravitational waves. They are best understood in comparisonwith electromagnetic waves, which werepredicted by Maxwell in 1864 anddiscovered by Hertz 22 years later. Hertz discovers electromagnetic waves in1886. Electromagnetic waves are wavesof electricity. They give us our sense ofvision with which to see the universe. Gravitational waves are waves of gravity. They are vibrations of space itself. Theytravel through space at the speed of light,but are more like sound than light. Hertz discovery set the foundation forthe electronic revolution of the twentiethcentury. Electromagnetic waves not onlyrevolutionized our lives, but also ourknowledge of the universe. Astronomersgradually opened the electromagneticspectrum, first using visible light and thenradio, x-rays and gamma rays. Each newpart of the spectrum provided us withdramatic new insights into the universe. Einstein predicted gravitational waves in1916. They have not yet been directlydetected on earth, although astronomersJoe Taylor and Russell Hulse received the1993 Nobel Prize for proof of theirexistence, by showing that a star system is losing energy by producinggravitational waves. Gravitational waves are a completely newspectrum. If electromagnetic waves let ussee the universe, gravitational waves willlet us hear the universe. They will provideus with a new sense, the sense of hearing,with which to explore the universe. Gravity is a very complicated subject, butscientists are learning more and moreabout it as time goes on. Contributionsfrom people such as Newton and Einsteinhelped shape the way we see thingstoday. Without them, no telling what kindof misconceptions we all might believe intoday.

Essay about Cyber Bullying and Internalizing Difficulties Essay Example For Students

Essay about Cyber Bullying and Internalizing Difficulties Essay In recent decades, there have been numerous technological advances. Due to the availability of such advances, the use of this technology, particularly the use of Internet, is overwhelmingly present in our society for people of all ages. For instance, 93% of teenagers, ages 12 through 17 use the Internet, matching the 93% of young adults. Whereas, 74% of adults, ages 18 and older, use the Internet (Lenhart et al, 2010). Studies found that adult users over the age of 18 consider the Internet as a means of completing tasks such as shopping and paying bills, in comparison to those under the age of 18 who considers it a tool for social connections (Bhat, 2008). About 73% of teenagers and young adults as well as 47% of adults use social networks, the most commonly used being Facebook (Lenhart et al., 2010). The use of the Internet is not only limited to that of computers considering cell phones now offer mobile Internet. A large number of the population have cellphones, with 58% of 12 years old, 75% of teenagers, and 93% of adults owning cell phones (Lenhart et al, 2010). With advances in technology and its increased use, we have become perpetually in contact with one another, opening ourselves up to a new form of bullying: cyber bullying. As a recently recognized form of bullying, cyber bullying also referred to as electronic or Internet bullying, is defined as â€Å"the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group that is intended to harm others† (Belsey, n. d., p. 8; Bonanno Hymel, 2013). Cyber bullying is characterized by intimidation, harassment, victimization, and aggression toward others that occurs through email, chat rooms, instant messages, webs. .Journal of Education, 40(3). Strom, P.S., Strom, R.D. (2005). When teens turn cyberbullies. The Education Digest, 71 (4), 35–41.Terzi-Unsal, S., Kapci, E. G. (2005). Risk factors for suicidal behavior: Psychosocial risk models with Turkish adolescents. Social Behavior Personality: An International Journal, 33, 593–607.Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., Nansel, T. R. (2009). School bullying among adolescents in the United States: Physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 368–375.Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G. (2007). Prevalence and pre- dictors of Internet bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6 Suppl 1), S14–S21.Ybarra, M.L. , Diener-West, M., Leaf, P.J. (2007). Examining the overlap in internet harassment and school bullying: Implications for school intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6, Suppl. ), S42–S50.

Jetblue Ipo Pricing Essay Example

Jetblue Ipo Pricing Paper 1. Introduction An initial public offering (IPO) is defined as the first offering of shares by a private company to the public. A share is one of a finite number of equal portions of the capital of a company that entitles the shareholder to a proportion of distributed, non-reinvested profits known as dividends, and to a portion of the value of the company in case of liquidation. Shares can be either voting or non-voting, meaning that the shareholder may have the right to vote on the board of directors and thus the corporate policy (Draho, 2004). The money the private company raises through the issuance of shares is either transferred to the original investors of the company, used to pay-off existing debt, used to finance operating expenses, or, is used to fund future company projects. The ability to conduct an IPO efficiently and effectively encourages entrepreneurship and economic growth through increasing the availability of equity and lowering the cost of equity finance (Kleeburg, 2005). The following report introduces a generic process of an IPO without detailing specifics for an individual country or region. The advantages and disadvantages of choosing an IPO to raise capital is then discussed followed by an examination of the various pricing and allocation techniques that are commonly adopted in the IPO. The final section uses the 2002 IPO of JetBlue as a case study to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the discussed pricing techniques. 2. The IPO Process Jenkinson and Ljungqvist (2001) define 5 generic steps that are required to be undertaken in the process of raising equity through an IPO: We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo Pricing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo Pricing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue Ipo Pricing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Figure 2. 1 – Five generic steps undertaken in the process of an IPO Each of the 5 steps are briefly discussed in the following section paying particular attention to the role of the investment bank and the pricing and allocation decision. 2. 1. The Choice of Market It is important to note that the act of ‘going public’ has two distinct requirements: †¢Investors who are willing to purchase the shares †¢Exchange regulatory conditions that companies must meet Historically, the first aspect of finding investors has not been of great concern, however, given the increasing levels of integration of global financial markets companies are able to select the market that best suits their requirements. The choice of market is therefore essentially focussed on ensuring that there is enough depth within the market so that the company can raise the amount of equity required and that the company is able to comply with the regulations imposed by the stock exchanges and their regulatory bodies (Jenkinson and Ljungqvist, 2001). . 2. Producing a Prospectus The second stage of an IPO is the preparation and lodgement of a prospectus with the market regulatory authorities. A prospectus sets out the terms of the equity issue and provides information on the financial and management performance of the issuing company. It is used to ensure adequate information is provided so that investors can make an informed investment decision (ASX, 2008). Investment banks ar e usually engaged to assist in the preparation of the prospectus to ensure due diligence has been performed. Due diligence refers to the process of providing reasonable grounds that there is nothing in the prospectus that is misleading, and typically involves reviewing company contracts and tax returns, visiting company offices and facilities and interviewing company and industry personnel (Draho, 2004). This prospectus usually includes either a fixed price for the offer (where a predetermined price has been established) or an initial price range (a first ‘best guess’ on the price) that have been determined by the investment bank. With the latter technique the initial price range is usually modified throughout the remaining stages of the IPO (Brau and Fawcett, 2006). 2. 3. Marketing Having produced a prospectus, the next stage is marketing the issue to investors. This marketing can take place in a variety of forms and usually involves a road show, where the issuing firm and the investment bank conduct presentations to a high concentration of institutional investors. Where the offer price has already been established (i. e. fixed price offering) the main purpose of the marketing stage is to elicit bids from investors. Where an indicative price range has been given, the key purpose is to produce expressions of interest and thus begin the process of book building. Book building encompasses the collating of non-legally binding offers of price and quantity that is used to develop a demand curve and thus a more accurate price range for the subscription (Geddes, 2003). An important aspect that influences the marketin g technique is the role of the investment bank as the underwriter. Underwriting can be in the form of a firm commitment, where the investment bank accepts the risk of the issue by agreeing to purchase any securities that had not been subscribed, or on a best efforts basis, where the investment bank agrees to only use its expertise to sell the securities to the best of their abilities (Jenkinson and Ljungqvist, 2001). 2. 4. Pricing and Allocation Where a fixed priced is initially established, it is typical for either heavy over or under subscription to occur. In these cases, allocation methods such as pro rata allocation, retail investor bias allocation or random allocation are utilised depending on the policies imposed by the market regulators (Jenkinson and Ljungqvist, 2001). Where book building has occurred, if the issue is oversubscribed the allocation is typically based on either a common strike price (where a single price is quoted and allocation is based on the amount of information contained in the bid and/or the investor reputation), or, allocation and pricing starting from the highest bid downward until the issue demand is fully met (Draho, 2004). . 5. After the IPO Once the final pricing and allocation decisions have been made, trading in the shares usually commences within a few days. In some countries it is typical for the investment bank to be involved in a price stabilisation process where the principal purpose is to protect the downward price pressure once trading begins. This process of price stabilisation is usually linked with the granting of an over-allotment option (typically 15% of the total number of shares issued) which have usually been sold during the marketing process (Geddes, 2003). 3. Advantages / Disadvantages of the IPO Decision There are considerable advantages with obtaining equity through the IPO process. There are, however, some drawbacks that also need to be taken into consideration. Table 3. 1 outlines the key advantages and disadvantages as outlined by Fishman (1993). AdvantagesDisadvantages The partners can obtain a true value of the shares they possess in the companyThe market is extremely unpredictable and an unsuccessful IPO can result in a great loss of time as well as money for the company Partners can remove their signatures from the lines of credit and thus, are no longer personally liable to the creditorsThe ownership of the partners is dissolved and they become mere employees who are responsible to the shareholders and Board of Directors The overall financial condition of a company is improved as it brings in non-refundable moneyContinuous dealing with shareholders and the press is a time-consuming process A broader capital base gives the company more access to credit which gives the company an option to venture into new business opportunitiesShareholders judge the performance of the company on the basis of the profits and stock price and may cause managers to overlook the long-term strategic objectives Capital raised in an IPO can be used to pay off debt and t hus reduce the interest costs and enhance the company’s debt to equity ratioThe company needs to make nation-wide presentations about its performance to the interested shareholders, brokers and the investment bankers The value of the stock may see an upward trend thus increasing the initial investors financial wealthThe company’s continued success may bring a lot of close scrutiny by the public When a company goes public, it attracts the attention of the media and financial community thus providing free publicity and helps in creating a better corporate imageLarge amounts of fees and expenses are associated with a public company on a continual basis commissions, advertising costs, securities exchange fees etc. By going public and listing on a stock exchange it can directly foster public reputation in general Table 3. – Advantages and disadvantages of going public through the IPO process 4. IPO Valuation Techniques Deriving a value for an IPO is the critical par t of the process. In both fixed price and book building offers some form of initial price must be determined by the investment bank. The key methods that are used to determine the value of a company and thus the initial IPO price include (Geddes, 2003): †¢Discounting Methods – based on a firms intrinsic value (future cash flows) †¢Comparable Multiples Method: value based on similar publicly traded companies 4. 1. Discounting Methods Theoretically, the price of a share is derived by discounting all future cash flows that accrue to shareholders. These techniques are used throughout industry, however, they do suffer in practical application due to the risk associated with forecasting both revenue and expenses (Draho, 2004). The two most frequently used discounting methods include the discounted free cash flows (DCF) and a residual income model (RIM). 4. 1. 1. Discounted Free Cash Flows Free cash flows are defined as the cash flows from operations after investment in working capital and any capital expenditures. These cash flows are considered more appropriate than accounting earnings which include non cash items such as depreciation that cannot be used to pay shareholders. Cash flows are used to pay dividends and thus capture true value for the investor. These cash flows are then discounted using a risk adjusted rate. The rate is estimated either by using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) for a 100% equity company or by calculating the weighted average cost of capital of the firm’s debt and equity (Geddes, 2003). 4. 1. 2. Residual Income Model The DCF model requires accounting earnings to be converted to cash flows. This is considered inappropriate as accounting values do not take into consideration the time value of money and may be subject to manipulation by way of accounting methods. The RIM is similar to the DCF method in that both methods use a risk adjusted discount rate. The RIM model, however, utilises the difference between the realised earnings and the expected earnings, where the expected earnings is the cost of equity multiplied by the start of period equity book value (Draho, 2004). 4. 2. Comparable Multiples This is the most common method used by investment banks to value IPO’s. Its fundamental approach is the comparison of ratios of companies that operate in similar businesses that possess the same characteristics of risk, current and future profitability and growth prospects (Geddes, 2003). There are number of ratios that can be used under this method, the most common being: †¢Price/Earnings multiples †¢Price/EBIT †¢Market value/Book value †¢Price/sales The successful application of this method lies in choosing an appropriate comparison company. One method used by practitioners is to select up to 10 company’s operating within the same industry and to use the group’s median multiple to value the issuer. The second and most common method is to select 3-4 companies that are direct competitors within the particular industry to the issuer. The third method is to use multiples of firms that have recently gone public assuming all issuers share common valuation multiples (Jenkinson and Ljungqvist, 2001). Comparable multiples is a popular method to value an IPO due to its simplicity and accuracy (Richardson and Tinaikar 2004). With the use of multiples there is no need to estimate the cost of capital, neither is there a need to depend on forecasted earnings and assumptions of valuation models. The use of multiples is supported by the idea that relevant ratios capture the markets estimate of risk and growth (Zarowin, 1990). 5. JetBlue Pricing Table 5. shows the results of utilising the techniques discussed in the previous section for determining the share price for the 2002 JetBlue IPO (for complete calculations see Appendix 1 and 2). The initial subscription price of the IPO was given by th e investment bank (in this case Morgan Stanley) at $22-$24 and this was revised to $25-$26 during the book building process. MethodShare Price ($) Discounted Cash Flow Free Cash Flows$94. 00 Industry Averages Price / Earnings Multiples$40. 38 Market Value / Book Value$115. 22 Price / EBIT$33. 13 EBIT Multiple Leading$38. 92 Competitor Averages Price / Earnings Multiples$97. 06 Market Value / Book Value$274. 54 Price / EBIT$88. 33 EBIT Multiple Leading$65. 10 Recent IPOs EBIT Multiple Leading$40. 37 Table 5. 1 – Share prices for the JetBlue IPO using the different techniques It should be noted that the JetBlue opening share price, this being the price of the stock at the end of the first day of trading, was $50. 30 demonstrating that the IPO was heavily underpriced. The price peaked in September 2003 at just above $90. 00. JetBlue’s current trading price is approximately $17. 21 (after adjusting its actual price of $5. 10 for the three 3:2 share splits and dividends distributed). This shows that there has been a significant loss since the shares began trading in April 2002 (for historical monthly stock price data see Appendix 3). This could reflect either changing market conditions since the IPO or inadequate pricing techniques used at the time of the IPO. Table 5. 1 demonstrates the wide range of share prices that can be achieved depending on the technique that is adopted. The free cash flows technique utilised Southwest Airlines data, assumptions for the airline industry and cash flows given from JetBlue management (see Appendix 1). This value was quite high but reflects high investor demand which took the share price above $90. 00. Of the comparable multiple techniques, the industry average and recent IPO methods reflect the first day closing price, whereas, the competitor average technique reflects similar results to the discounted cash flow technique. Recognising that the discounted cash flow method utilises data for Southwest Airlines that may not accurately represent JetBlue’s conditions, a sensitivity analysis was conducted (see table 5. 2). The four variables that were examined were the horizontal growth rate, the beta (a measure of company returns relative to market returns), the credit rating and the debt to equity ratio. VariableShare Price ($) Growth Rate Forecasted4%$94. 00 Optimistic5%$133. 44 Conservative3%$64. 18 Beta Forecasted1. 3$94. 00 Optimistic1. 1$149. 74 Conservative1. 5$52. 78 Credit Rating (spread) ForecastedBa (3. 00%)$94. 00 OptimisticBaa (1. 50%)$96. 37 ConservativeB (5. 0%)$90. 90 Debt / Equity Ratio Forecasted5. 0%$94. 00 Optimistic10. 0%$108. 03 Conservative2. 5%$86. 96 Table 5. 2 – Sensitivity analysis of share price for fluctuations in the growth rate, beta and credit spread Changes in the value of beta, the perpetual growth rate and the debt to equity ratio provide considerable variatio n in the calculated share price. Credit rating had little influence over the final value. As the premise of the discounting cash flow method is the forecasting of data, this sensitivity analysis demonstrates that caution should be used when relying on this technique given the uncertainty of forecasting information. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, the initial public offering (IPO) process involves a decision on which market is used to raise the funds, the preparation of a prospectus to meet regulatory conditions, marketing of the issuance to institutional investors and a pricing and allocation decision based on the type of subscription that is being offered (fixed price or book building). The key challenge for both the issuing firm and potential investors is the pricing of the shares. The two key techniques of discounted cash flows and comparable multiples, demonstrate that considerable variation in value can occur depending on the technique used. The reliability and accuracy of forecasted and historical data is also of considerable importance in ensuring accurate pricing. In order to overcome many of the disadvantages of an IPO, accurate pricing is paramount to ensure ongoing investor involvement. To draw any conclusion on the accuracy of techniques from this case study would be inappropriate, however, the complexities of the pricing decision has been quite clearly demonstrated. 7. Reference List Australian Securities Exchange. (2008, February 29). Listing on ASX. Retrieved April 23, 2008, from http://www. asx. com. au/professionals/listing/index. htm Brau, J. Fawcett, S. (2006). Initial public offerings: An analysis of theory and practice. The Journal of Finance, 61(1), 399-436. Draho, J. (2004). The IPO Decision: Why and How Companies Go Public. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Fabozzi, F. Modigliani, F. (2003). Capital Markets: Institutions and Instruments (2nd ed. ). New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Fishman, L. (1993). Going public: The pro’s and cons. The Secured Lender. 49(4), 58-60. Geddes, R. (2003). IPO’s and Equity Offerings. Oxford, UK. Butterworth-Heinemann. Jenkinson, T. Ljungqvist, A. (2001). Going Public: The Theory and Evidence on How Companies Raise Equity Finance (2nd ed. ). United States: Oxford University Press Inc. Kleeburg, R. (2005). Initial Public Offering. Ohio, Thomson. Richardson, Gordon D, and Surjit Tinaikar. (2004). Accounting based valuation models: what have we learned? Accounting and Finance, 44(2), 223-255. Zarowin, Paul. 1990. What determines earnings-price ratios: Revisited. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 5(3), 455-457.

US Army essays

US Army essays In 1829, Andrew Jackson enacted a law that forced all Indians to move west to land that was set aside for them. Before the Indians settled on their new land, more white settlers moved in and searched for gold. They took away land set aside for the Indians. The whites again moved westward to California, and once again, the government took land, which it had given to the Indians, and called it Manifest Destiny. In 1877, Chief Joseph chose between peace and war with the white man, and he changed the future of his people forever, when he chose war. During the war, the white men continued their immoral acts upon the Indians. The U.S. Army engaged in endless slaughter and massacres based on lies and deceptions. Along with their purposes for war, these reasons made the U.S. Army guilty of gross inhumanity towards the Indians in their long and costly war. The U.S. Armys purposes when they went to war were not just, because all that brought them into war was their greed for more land. When the whites landed in America, the Indians took them in, gave them land, and taught them the skills they needed to survive in the new world. All this, of course, was taken as a sign of weakness (Wounded Knee 1) and the Indians were sent packing West. The white settlers took advantage of the Indians kindness and took over their territories. More and more people were shipped across the Atlantic. To make room for them, they took over land that used to belong to the Indians. The Indians attempted to save their tribes from extinction by attacking many white settlements that had originally belonged to them. The Indians attacked fifty-two settlements, completely destroying twelve of them. (Wounded Knee 4) This was taken as a sign of war by the new settlers, so they retaliated in a much stronger effort. The U.S. Army took the Indians to war to fulf ill their own greed and took over the land they claimed...

The Benefits and Educational Value in Studying Philosophy and Logic Essay

The Benefits and Educational Value in Studying Philosophy and Logic - Essay Example Philosophy and logic are inextricably linked together. For, without one, one could not have the other. The philosophy books one may read—such as The Republic or Plato’s Apology—might cost some money, however, the benefits and educational value of both philosophy and logic are priceless. First of all, what were the benefits of philosophy? Perhaps one must first discuss what logic was. Logic was a derivation of philosophy. For, in order to philosophize, one needed to be able to make rational arguments in succession, each argument following logically from the last point. It then follows that the end result would be a conclusion proving one’s hypothesis or initial claim to be true. This is generally how philosophical discussions develop. â€Å"[The great thinker] Eusebius accept[ed] the conventional division of philosophy into ethics, physics and logic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The benefits of using philosophy are great—using philosophy exercises the mental faculties and forces one to think extemporaneously. The educational value of philosophy is to train subjects simply to think. If nothing else, philosophy requires a great deal of thought to engage in it.

Acc#5 Farm Financial Standards Council Model Case Essay

Acc#5 Farm Financial Standards Council Model Case - Essay Example GM has adopted traditional cost allocation system wherein the overheads are arbitrarily allocated to the products on the basis of the labor or machine hours. It produces only one product i.e. the corvette and as such apportionment of overhead costs may not be such a big problem except for the fluctuations of production volumes which may distort the contribution margin figures. John & Mary Farmer on the other hand produce two products namely: corn and soybean that too in two farms, for which there are a variety of cost drivers which have to be identified to diversified activities to estimate the differences in cost of production between farms and overall profitability between commodities produced in different years. While adopting traditional cost allocation system, as in GM, may be easier for accounting purposes, it actually does not serve the purpose of arriving at a specific cost structure especially when the direct labor component is in small proportion in the total production process owing to the present automation taking place even in the farming sector. 1. Overheads would have been charged according to the production volumes which may fluctuate from time to time. Hence, the accurate per unit contribution margin which is the basis for competitive managerial decisions in today’s world would be misguiding. 3. The products produced in the case study are corn and soybean that too in different fields of which few are owned by the firm and the others are taken on lease. With such diversified methodology of tie ups with different parties, if ABC is not undertaken, the differences in the production would not be useful in providing effective strategy to minimize risk associated with the business and enhance profitability. 4. With the growing mechanization even in the farm sector, the importance of direct expenses is shrunk day by day

Taj Mahal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Taj Mahal - Essay Example The picture depicts the beautiful monument made of white marble, on the blue backdrop of the sky and the river, below! The Taj Mahal was built over a period ranging sixteen years, from 1632 to 1648, by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, in the sweet remembrance of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is essentially a mausoleum, built by the emperor, with love for his wife. Ever since, it has been the cynosure of tourists, architects and historians, alike. The first striking feature of this picture is the magnanimity of this mausoleum of love, contrasted against the miniature structure of humanity! We can see the huge graceful structure, against which the tourists and visitors look inconspicuous. This is what the monument delivers, with its beauty, which is a visual treat. The visitors and tourists possess expressions of awe and wonder, on viewing this magnificent building, which refuses not to cast a spell on anyone who visits or views it. Another striking feature of this monument is that the pure white marble used to build this monument is reflective of t

Teenage pregnancy in Lagos Island

Teenage pregnancy in Lagos Island Although, teenage pregnancy could be unplanned as well as accidental. It usually occurs within the context of early marriage and also as a result of societal change of which the value system and virginity at marriage are no longer upheld. Certain problems are associated with teenage pregnancy such as economic, psychological, socio-cultural and others. It is no longer a diplomatic statement that young people in the last decade, especially within the age group of 10-18 years, are living beyond the yard sticks of adventures compared to the youths of the 90s. A blend of unpredictable, news breaking activities and issues of topmost concern has risen in the last few years. One of the most striking facts is the rising number of teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy is a result of sexual intercourse between young girls and boys who are in their growing years, exploring the changes happening in their bodies by having unsafe sex with each other. Health organizations across the world are still in the frontlines of reducing maternal deaths due to complications and diseases. But even now, however, they have more to do with the increasing number of teenage pregnancy. (Femi A. A. Sofia Krauss, 2009) Bearing a child while still in childhood themselves, these young mothers under the age of 20 are prone to birth injuries and maternal death. It also affects their emotional well being: Teenage mothers are 3 times more likely to suffer from post-natal depression and experience poor mental health for up to 3 years after the birth. Children born to teenage mothers have 60% higher rates of infant mortality and are at increased risk of low birth-weight which impacts on the childs long-term health. Further more, they are at increased risk to be brought up in poverty. (Femi A. A. Sofia Krauss, 2009) Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenaged or underaged girl (usually within the ages of 13-19) becoming pregnant. The term in everyday speech usually refers to women who have not reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, who become pregnant. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under 15 and those living in developing countries.( Mayor S 2004) For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associated with socioeconomic factors.( Makinson C. 1985) Data supporting teenage pregnancy as a social issue in developed countries include lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer life outcomes in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. For these reasons, there have been many studies and campaigns which attempt to uncover the causes and limit the numbers of teenage pregnancies.(The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy 2002). In other countries and cultures, particularly in the developing world, teenage pregnancy is usually within marriage and does not involve a social stigma. (Population Council 2006) 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM It is very rampant in our society where there is an increase in the reported cases of teenager pregnancy. This ugly incident has created huge concern for the society especially to determine if the concern would have good future as well as their children. Again, the health implications of these children is another issue of worry. Causes of Teenage Pregnancy In the developed world, the causes of teenage pregnancy is different in the sense that it is mostly outside marriage and carries lots of social stigma. Thus, adolescent sexual behaviour is one of the causes of teenage pregnancy. In our world today, having sex before 20yrs is the in thing, it is even the normal all over the world and this brought about high levels of adolescent pregnancy which creates sexual relationship among teenagers without the provision of comprehensive information about sex. (Chinwe Chibuzo, P. 2007) The in-take of drugs, alcohol etc contributes a lot to teenage pregnancy meanwhile as a teenager you may not be ready for sexual intercourse at that moment but being intoxicated with drugs and alcohol makes you to be involved in unintended sexual activity just because sex at that time is less emotionally painful and embarrassing. To avoid this, eradicate anything alcohol or drugs. Furthermore, sexual abuse is also one of the causes of teenage pregnancy. Rape as a sexual abuse has more effect in the life of our teenage girls causing unwanted sex and teenage pregnancy. Age discrepancies also causes teenage pregnancy in the sense that a teenage girl with a partner much older than herself is more likely to get pregnant more often than a girl that have a partner of a close age, as she prefers having the children than abortion since she is not educated enough to use contraceptives. (Chinwe Chibuzo, P. 2007) Childhood environment Women exposed to abuse, domestic violence, and family strife in childhood are more likely to become pregnant as teenagers, and the risk of becoming pregnant as a teenager increases with the number of adverse childhood experiences. According to a 2004 study, one-third of teenage pregnancies could be prevented by eliminating exposure to abuse, violence, and family strife. The researchers note that family dysfunction has enduring and unfavorable health consequences for women during the adolescent years, the childbearing years, and beyond. When the family environment does not include adverse childhood experiences, becoming pregnant as an adolescent does not appear to raise the likelihood of long-term, negative psychosocial consequences.( Tamkins, T. 2004) Effect of Teenage Pregnancy on Educational Teenage pregnancies have become a public health issue because of their observed negative effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term morbidity. The association of young maternal age and long-term morbidity is usually confounded, however, by the high prevalence of poverty, low level of education, and single marital status among teenage mothers. Assessing the independent effect of teenage pregnancy on educational disabilities and educational problems in a total population of children who entered kindergarten in Florida in 1992-1994 and investigate how controlling for potentially confounding factors affects the relation between teenage pregnancies and poor outcome. When no other factors are taken into account, children of teenage mothers have significantly higher odds of placement in certain special education classes and significantly higher occurrence of milder education problems, but when maternal education, marital status, poverty level, and race are controlled, the detrimental effec ts disappear and even some protective effects are observed. Hence, the increased risk for educational problems and disabilities among children of teenage mothers is attributed not to the effect of young age but to the confounding influences of associated socio-demographic factors. In contrast to teen age, older maternal age has an adverse effect on a childs educational outcome regardless of whether other factors are controlled for or not. (Ralitza V. Gueorguieva 2001) Preventing Teen Pregnancy It has been found that teens who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to experience a pregnancy. Good communication between parents and their children is the key to ensuring children make the right decisions when it comes to their sexual activity. (Pregnancy info 2009) Evidence from areas with the largest reductions has identified a range of factors that need to be in place to successfully reduce teenage pregnancy rates. These factors include a well-publicised contraceptive and sexual health advice service which is centred on young people. The service needs to have a strong remit to undertake health promotion work, as well as delivering reactive services. It is key to prioritize sexual and reproductive health education at schools, supported from the local authority to develop comprehensive programmes of sex and relationships education (SRE) in all schools. (Femi A. A. Sofia Krauss, 2009) Education is also vitally important in helping youth know about their options when it comes to sex. Teaching teens about using contraception each and every time they have sex is imperative to healthy sexual relationships. Abstinence should also be taught along with contraception so that youth understand they have the right to choose. Teaching teens that it is okay to say no to sex until they are ready will help to curb the numbers of teen pregnancies. (Pregnancy info 2009) The Challenges of Early Motherhood Facing an unplanned teen pregnancy can be hard. The effects of teenage pregnancy are not limited to having to decide whether or not to keep the baby, how to cope with motherhood or whether to make an adoption plan. One of the most immediate effects of teen pregnancy is how the growing baby changes a teenagers body as well as their lifestyle. Because a teens body immediately begins the process of carrying a child and preparing for childbirth, a teenager needs to consider the effect that her physical activities may have on her developing baby. A variety of activities common to teens may have a negative effect on a developing baby: Drinking alcoholic beverages, Smoking cigarettes or marijuana, Lack of sleep and Unhealthy eating patterns. (Pregnancy center.orgOther physical changes that take place as her uterus expands may impact things as simple as clothing choices or her ability to safely participate in sports. This means that an average teenage girl will need to speak with her doctor about what activities need to be limited during her pregnancy as well as what changes she might need to make to her diet. Emotional Effects of Teen Pregnancy (Pregnancy center.org) Dealing with an unplanned pregnancy can be scary and confusing. Some of the emotions that teen may encounter when facing an unplanned pregnancy are: Initial excitement, Confusion, Fear, Resentment and Frustration. Its a natural response for you to think about and want to protect the baby that is growing inside you. It is also natural for you to be scared and confused about how to deal with this unplanned pregnancy. (Pregnancy center.org) Teenage mothers in industrialized countries mostly lack a proper social network consisting of family, friends and elder women which is usually present in developing countries. Besides, there are many social pressures on them. The main pressure on young pregnant women is, of course, to come to a decision about the unborn child, considering the options of keeping the child, adoption and abortion. Other pressures are education and money. For one, young teenage women in industrialized countries are generally expected to get educated and find work. This becomes almost impossible when having a baby without a strong social network. Then, there often are financial pressures, since the lack of education often leads to unemployment or the dependency on low paid jobs or welfare. (Martin Bohn 2009); Risks for Teenage Mothers and their Child As a result, teenage pregnancy may lead to various problems for both the mother and the child. According to a student fact sheet of the Australian organization Womens Health Queensland Wide, teenage mothers and their children may face some of the following risks: There are significantly higher complication rates both during pregnancy and delivery for teenage mothers and their babies, such as an increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, having a baby of low birth weight, birth defects and other complications. Children born to teenage mothers are statistically more vulnerable to neglect and abuse. This is due to a range of factors including poverty, parenting inexperience and being in an unhealthy relationship (for example when there is a situation of domestic violence). Teenage Pregnancies and the Disintegration of Families (Martin Bohn (2009); Teenage pregnancies contribute to the disintegration of the family as a social institution. Most teen mothers are single mums. This is either because the child was conceived outside of a relationship or because the pregnancy places a great deal of strain on young relationships which are usually not as stable and enduring as adult relationships. Consequently, 60% of young Australian mothers do not have a male partner when their baby is born, as mentioned in a student fact sheet on teenage pregnancy by the Australian based Womens Health Queensland Wide Inc. A crucial question relates to whether the adverse outcomes experienced by (some) mothers and children of teenage pregnancies are causally related to the age of the mother, or whether there are other factors which lead to the adverse outcomes experienced by teenage mothers and their children. Several studies have found that teenage pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes for both mother and baby. These include low birthweight, prematurity, increased perinatal and infant mortality and poorer long-term cognitive development and educational achievement for both mother and child. (Fraser AM, Brockert JE and Fergusson DM, 1995) However, studies which have aimed to address the underlying causes of these adverse outcomes-by controlling for additional factors-have produced conflicting results. Some suggest that adverse outcomes remain even after controlling for maternal socioeconomic position and other confounding factors, (Fraser AM, Brockert JE 1995) some find that age has no effect, (Gueorguieva RV, Lee MC 2001) whereas other studies report that once maternal socioeconomic position and smoking are taken into account young age is actually associated with better outcomes. (Reichman NE and Geronimus AT 1997) These contradictory findings probably reflect the small size of some studies, residual confounding, and the difficulty of separating effects that may be related to maternal age from effects that are appropriately regarded as confounding. For example, poor parenting skills may reflect the ignorance of young age but may also occur at any age among women who have restricted access to information and education. Larger studies and those employing methods specifically designed to adequately control for confounding factors (for example using sibling comparisons) (Geronimus AT 1992) suggest that young age is not an important determinant of pregnancy outcome or of the future health of the mother. (Gueorguieva RV, Scholl TO 2001) A recent systematic review of the medical consequences of teenage pregnancy concluded that Critical appraisal suggested that increased risks of these outcomes (anaemia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, low birthweight, prematurity, intra-uterine growth retardation and neonatal mortality) were predominantly caused by the social, economic, and behavioural factors that predispose some young women to pregnancy.'(Cunnington A. 2001) Moreover, Cunnington asserts from this review that most teenage pregnancies are low risk-a point which is omitted from much research and from policy documents and statements Teenage Mothers and Education Teenage mothers are often unwilling or unable to complete their education. This lack of education can result in long term unemployment or low paid, insecure jobs. Being dependent on welfare or on a poorly paid job can place teenage mothers under greater financial pressure, even more so when they are single mums and have no supporting network of family and friends. Finally, teenage mothers are often alienated from their peers and family because their new life is either disapproved of or cannot be related to by family and friends. In developing country like Nigeria teenage mothers are sometimes married and have a broad support system. However, malnutrition, poor health care and complications of childbirth significantly increase the mortality rate of these young women. Lagos State Government Intervention The Lagos State has also set up youth friendly centers to provide adolescents accurate and confidential counseling on sex related matters. These include youth development programmes to educate youths both male and female on the danger involve in premarital sexual and early sexual intercourse (VOA News). In addition, efforts is from the youth counselor of the Lagos State Ministry of Health, Christiana Ladapo, who leads candid after-school discussions about sex, peer pressure, abstinence and contraceptives. She says teenage pregnancy has been on the rise because society has ignored the problem. However, Pinkdove in collaboration with the Lagos State Ministry of Education recently organized an enlightenment campaign with the theme The Effects of Early Sex, Teen Pregnancy for Senior Secondary School Female Students in Lagos state HISTORY OF LAGOS Lagos State is an administrative region of Nigeria, located in the southwestern part of the country. The smallest of Nigerias states, Lagos State is the second most populous state after Kano State, (wikipedia) and arguably the most economically important state of the country,(Answer dictionary) containing Lagos, the nations largest urban area. Lagos State was created on May 27, 1967 by virtue of State (Creation and Transitional Provisions) Decree No. 14 of 1967, which restructured Nigerias Federation into 12 states. Prior to this, Lagos Municipality had been administered by the Federal Government through the Federal Ministry of Lagos Affairs as the regional authority, while the Lagos City Council (LCC) governed the City of Lagos. Equally, the metropolitan areas (Colony Province) of Ikeja, Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry were administered by the Western Region. The State took off as an administrative entity on April 11, 1968 with Lagos Island serving the dual role of being the State and Federal Capital. However, with the creation of the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja in 1976, Lagos ceased to be the capital of the State which was moved to Ikeja. Equally, with the formal relocation of the seat of the Federal Government to Abuja on 12 December 1991, Lagos Island ceased to be Nigerias political capital. Nevertheless , Lagos remains the center of commerce for the country. HISTORY OF LAGOS ISLAND LOCAL GOVERNMENT Lagos Island is the principal and central local government area of the Metropolitan Lagos in Nigeria. It is part of the Lagos Division. As of the preliminary 2006 Nigerian census, the LGA had a population of 209,437 in an area of 8.7 km ². The LGA only covers the western half of Lagos Island; the eastern half is under the jurisdiction of the LGA of Eti-Osa. Lying in Lagos Lagoon, a large protected harbour on the coast of Africa, the island was home to the Yoruba fishing village of Eko, which grew into the modern city of Lagos. The city has now spread out to cover the neighbouring islands as well as the adjoining mainland. Lagos Island is connected to the mainland by three large bridges which cross Lagos Lagoon to the district of Ebute Metta. It is also linked to the neighbouring island of Ikoyi and to Victoria Island. The Lagos harbour district of Apapa faces the western side of the island. Forming the main commercial district of Lagos, Lagos Island plays host to the main government buildings, shops and offices. The Catholic and Anglican Cathedrals as well as the Central Mosque are located here. Historically, Lagos Island (Isaleko) was home to the Brazilian Quarter of Lagos where the majority of the slave trade returnees from Brazil settled. Many families lived on Broad Street in the Marina. It also revealed that majority (83.8%) and (70%) of the respondents were staying with their parents and there parents were staying together. This is in contradiction (Ellis, Bruce J. et al) Studies that girls whose fathers left the family early in their lives had the highest rates of early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy From the study it was also revealed that many of the respondents parents who were working are in the low class status about (25%) were unemployed. This is in accordance with a study by (Besharov, Douglas J. Gardiner) Poverty is associated with increased rates of teenage pregnancy. It was obvious from the study that majority were not aware of any form of contraceptives, but this was in disagreement with the study made in the United States in 2002 by National Surveys of Family Growth, sexually active adolescent women wishing to avoid pregnancy were less likely than those of other ages to use contraceptives. Revelation from this research shows that (35.7%) were impregnated by boy friends while (13.3%) were raped. This flows with some studies that between 11 and 20 percent of pregnancies in teenagers are a direct result of rape, while about 60 percent of teenage mothers had unwanted sexual experiences preceding their pregnancy. One in five teenage fathers admitted to forcing girls to have sex with them Majority of the respondents had their sex experience before the age of 15. This supports Guttmacher Institute findings that 60 percent of girls who had sex before age 15 were coerced by males who on average were six years their senior. CONCLUSION It is quite glaring that teenage pregnancy have many consequences on the society. Teenage pregnancies have become a public health issue because of their observed negative effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term morbidity. The association of young maternal age and long-term morbidity is usually confounded, however, by the high prevalence of poverty, low level of education, and single marital status among teenage mothers the impact on youth development in our society is negative

Emersons Transcedentalist Beliefs Essay -- essays research papers fc

Every so often throughout history, great doers and thinkers come along that break the mold and set new standards. People like Caesar, Shakespeare, Napoleon and Jesus have been studied and immortalized in volumes of texts. Then there are others who are not as well known. People like Ralph Waldo Emerson. From his life, writings, associates, beliefs and philosophy, this Concord, Massachusetts man has set his place as a hero in American literature and philosophy (Bloom 13).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first, most important thing to mention about Ralph Waldo Emerson is that he was not a Transcendentalist philosopher (Bloom 1). Ralph Emerson was a poet, critic, essayist, and a believer of morals (Bloom 2). Many people look at what he wrote in his books and essays, and they took his ideas from his speeches and turned them into a way of life. His ideas and beliefs earned him the role as the chief spokesman for American Transcendentalism (Siepmann 300).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emerson was a graduate from Harvard University. After his graduation, he became a minister. It was while he was a preacher that he began to think new ideas about life. The breakthrough for his new way of thinking came when he resigned from pasturing at the Second Church of Boston because e could not administer the Lord’s Supper (Hart 256).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sources of Emerson’s writings were from the early colonists, and he acknowledged them in his writings (Bloom 34). His writings were secular, and the readers of the era were sometimes scared by the lack of religious references and biblical texts in his writings. His writings were considered daring for his time, but they were moral (Unger 2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tone of his work was focused on self-reliance and the problem of how to live. His writings provoked people to ask how instead of what and not we but I (Unger 1). Emerson’s essays spoke to people of the 19th century that were ready for individuality and a new optimism that liked God, nature, and man (Masterpieces 258).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His essays tell the importance of a man that goes on through life like he represents not only himself, but also every other person he sees and meets (Masterpieces 258). He used his writings to challenge traditional thought (Siepmann 300).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most consider his writings to... ...atest thinkers in American history (Masterpieces 258).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography Bloom, Harold. Ralph Waldo Emerson. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. Hart, James D. The Oxford Companion to American Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965, pp 255-257.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Masterpieces of World Literature. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1989, p 250. Meyerson, Joel. A Historical Guide To Ralph Waldo Emerson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000 Siepmann, Katherine Baker. Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1987, pp 300-301. Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. Encyclopedia of Utopian Literature. Denver, CO: ABC-CLIO, 1995, p 515. Spiller, Robert E., et. al. Literary History of the United States. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1962, pp 351-387.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unger, Leonard. American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1974, pp 1-24.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wood, James Playsted. Trust Thyself: A Life of Ralph Waldo Emerson for the Young Reader. New York: Pantheon Books, 1964.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

A make up artist job

The job of a make-up artist is my lifelong ambition. Since early childhood, I was impressed with the mysterious world of stage and cinema and eager to make a contribution to the sphere. I believe that make-up artists are making a great deal to make artists’ appearance before cameras intriguing and appealing. There are also a number of things about the career that appeal to me at this point. First, it involves communication with people. As make-up artists work with movie stars, television hosts, and theatre actors, this means communication with interesting, talented people who bring their gifts to stage presentations. As someone fascinated with the artistic world, I am eager to foster relationships in it that can turn into lasting friendships. Contributing to their looks on the screen and on stage, I can become an important person in their lives and one to whom they turn for support and advice. Second, I like the creativity of the job. A human face can appear to the world in such a distinct variety of looks that it is really breath-taking to imagine. The make-up artist can use one’s innate ability to add a new touch to anybody’s face, making it more or less impressive. I am excited to learn ways to present the same face from a different standpoint, demonstrating its different aspects and qualities. I believe that there is great opportunity to use one’s creative abilities in this kind of job. Since I am always booming with ideas, I feel that a job of such kind is right for me. Third, it is very important that this job relates to human beauty. Personally, I sometimes admire how good-looking people can be. People are so different, and the make-up artist’s job is to bring out their individuality, underscoring their most appealing qualities. Working on the human face is so exciting because, no matter how trite this phrase seems, the face is the mirror of the soul and is thus the most important part of appearance. Trying to reveal the beauty of the human face is very exciting, especially when one works with a face that does not fit into social beauty standards. I would be especially thrilled to work on such faces, attempting to show the world the inner beauty of these people. I also enjoy the technical part of the profession and its various challenges. I know that I will have to gain a thorough understanding of technical issues involved and details of the photographic process, shooting, colors, special effects, and the like. I am really interested in seeing all these details in work and gain a thorough understanding of them. When I finish the make up artist school, I intend to seek a job, perhaps on television or in the movie industry. This is my first choice because I believe that a make-up artist has a lot to do in those areas. This work is going to be creative and offer opportunities for self-development. I would love to secure a permanent job with a film-making company or a TV channel. I understand that it may be unrealistic at some point and therefore am prepared to deal with assignments on a contract basis, offering my services to different companies for temporary projects. I hope that over time, as my experience increases, I will obtain access to interesting projects with attractive compensation. Preparing make-up for a well-known movie would be the pinnacle of my career. To attain this goal, I plan to do a lot of networking in the industry and related trade bodies and associations. In this way, I can increase my participation in the industry and foster good connections. I would also love to find a mentor who can guide me through the intricacies of the profession. This is why I would gladly accept an assistant position as my first job. I hope that with due effort, a career in this industry can become a reality for me. Â   Â  

The Samurai History in Japan

The Samurai History in Japan Socio-economic Challenges that Kobushin Samurai Faced Samurai faced a number of challenges, which were both economic and social. In the 19th century, Samurai was the respected royal class of Japan. However, its power faded so fast due to the public mistrust. This was mainly because of the stagnation of income owing to the fact that the society was undergoing change.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Samurai History in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Members of the Samurai were unable to achieve their economic interests because of poor returns and oppressive policies. The daimyos and the shogun could not increase taxes because rice farmers were reluctant to appreciate the role of the samurai in society. This affected the Samurai in the sense that the populace lost trust to an extent of refusing to submit taxes, which were in a form of food. The shift from agriculture as an economic activity to merchant trade affected many people since some individuals became poorer. They could not even sustain their families. This meant that they could not pay taxes to the Samurai. The daimyos had no option, but to increase tax rates for peasants. This complicated everything because the community experienced social disorder. The rates of crime went up because of frustrations. Katsu noted that the peasants threatened to organize demonstrations, forcing the Samurai to change the strategy as regards to adjusting the tax rates upwards (71). The social position of the Samurai and its economic chances were insidious, which resulted in the internal and external conflicts. This affected the existence of Kobushin because it was brought down. The royal class attained adequate power that placed it in the top position, with high culture and high social rank. This social position affected economic chances of the Samurai because the higher the social position, the better the chances for attaining high economic positi ons. Another challenge that faced the Samurai was the issue of change because the leadership could not handle change. The role of the peasant was always to provide foodstuff and offer taxes in a form of food. However, there was a new trend whereby the society was changing from agricultural society to the merchant society. The economic activity was changing because the community was adopting trade and quitting agriculture. Before the community changed its economic activity, merchants were viewed as the necessary evil because only unavailable products could be acquired from them. The society was growing at unprecedented rate because the challenges of urbanization were being felt for the first time.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People had to shift from mechanistic societies to what were referred to as organic societies. This was not an easy task (Vaporis 33). The Samurai was not allowed to engage in trade or any other activity that would benefit it economically. The society had become complex since everything relied on economics meaning that those with economic power controlled everything in society. The Tokugawa laws stated that the Samurai had to offer guidance to the society, but not engaging in profit making activities. Merchants became very rich because the new social and economic trends favored them. Some peasants benefited directly from the new laws because they engaged in trading activities with the merchants. The power of the Kobushin Samurai was at risk because its social status did not allow it to engage in trade. The society was changing at the rate that few people had anticipated meaning that traditional ways of doing things could no longer hold. How Katsu Used or Abused his Status as a Samurai to Survive Katsu had to abuse his status to survive because the society was changing so fast. The new dynamics of society demanded that every person ad justs his or her views to conform to the new trends. During Katsu’s era, there was a tremendous growth of agricultural production. Moreover, the population grew at an alarming rate because there was a reported seventy percent growth. Tokugawa policies supported land reclamation, which supported agricultural production in various parts of the country. There was adequate peace because of the disarming of peasants and local leaders, which boosted development in various parts of the nation. It is reported that the land cultivated was increased by over one hundred percent meaning that there was surplus production. Katsu could not sit back and watch the changes taking place without getting involved. Tokugawa regime introduced the use of fertilizers and modern farming techniques that improved people’s living standards. Katsu could not be a part of the changes because of his status in society. He had to keep off from all economic activities that would make him rich. However, h e changed his position when he decided to be a thief because the book reports that he stole and lied to many people to achieve his interests in society. He allowed himself to mingle with people of all characters including beggars, thieves, priests, merchants, gamblers, and the holy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Samurai History in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the samurai culture, this was unacceptable because the member of the royal class was expected to conduct him or herself in the manner that befits their status. In other words, Katsu was willing to do virtually everything to ascend to a higher economic status, including spoiling his own reputation and that of his family. Instead of living in accordance to the culture of the Samurai, Katsu involved himself in activities that were contrary to the provisions of the traditional culture. For instance, he participated in producing goods th at would generate profit. This was not allowed because it was considered exploitation. Members of the ruling class were not expected to exploit the poor by disposing cheap goods at an exorbitant price (Yoda 89). Katsu posited that he engaged himself in the making of lanterns, care parts, and umbrellas. Moreover, he accepted to take up cheap jobs that were contrary to his culture such as car painting, gate keeping, and plastering. Katsu commented that he was willing to live in accordance with the provisions of the culture, but he would not be able to live a comfortable life. Living a pious life would not bring any greatness to his family hence he decided to engage in activities that contravened the culture. The Realities of the Urban Life Urbanization was one of factors that forced Katsu to readjust his view as regards to the traditional culture. The emergence of cities posed serious challenges to both the mighty and the working class. The city life presented new opportunities, as we ll as challenges to individuals. Katsu was forced to adopt a new way of life whereby he would interact with individuals perceived to be impure. Katsu lost greatly due to the emergence of the cities because he was always paid in fixed stipends, which were disbursed in terms of rice. The stipends were paid based on an individual’s social position in society. Urbanization contributed to the increase of prices of commodities, which was not commensurate to the increase in production. The new trends of the city demanded that people pay out their bills in monetary terms meaning that the samurai was to exchange the rice received with money. This would not be enough because the living costs had gone up yet taxpayers could no offer more taxes. The Samurai existed at the mercy of the moneychangers and the merchants who had taken over the economic systems of various towns, including Osaka and Edo.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the market, there was an unstable price for rice, meaning that moneychangers could decide the price at which they could buy the major product. The economy was growing so fast, yet the Samurai was not allowed to engage in farming and commerce. This was a challenge because the leadership of the city was becoming weaker and weaker while traders, who were ranked low socially, were the economic powerhouses. The emergence of the cities presented new challenges to the Samurai in a number of ways because they were forced to engage in activities that were forbidden culturally. Contacts between people were official meaning that individuals did not meet just to talk about the social problems. For instance, an individual needed an appointment with any of the merchants to discuss any issue. The role of the Samurai was diminishing because the city had complex challenges that demanded effective forms of administrations. For instance, the Samurai was expected to act as an example to other member s of society regarding morality. Other members of society would follow the ways of the Samurai in terms of observing cultural rules and regulations. Moreover, other forms of crimes emerged due to the urbanization, for instance, prostitution, muggings, kidnapping, and carjacking emerged as new forms of crimes that would not be prevented. Even the Samurai was not spared. Dilemma of the Low Ranking Samurai in the Tokugawa Regime The Samurai was expected to follow the culture that was so strict on its members, whereby each individual was supposed to keep off from activities that would hurt the members of society. During the Tokugawa regime, it was very difficult to convince people to live in accordance with the values of the Samurais culture because of the changes that were taking place in society. The changes were taking place rapidly. The Tokugawa regime tried to disseminate information regarding the life of the Samurai through promotion of education and increasing literacy. The Samur ai belonged to the royal class whose major aim was to defend the community during war. To the Samurai, death was considered normal because it was inevitable. To preserve unity in Japan, involvement of the Samurai was crucial because it was respected all over. It became extremely difficult to convince people to appreciate the role that the Samurai played in the Japanese society. This was the dilemma of governmental officials because they found it difficult to abolish the role of the Samurai. There was divided loyalty among government officials as regards to the role of the Samurai. Some believed that the Samurai had no role to play since its members had abandoned the fundamental ideals that characterized the royalty. Some Tokugawa officials noted that the Samurai motivated the soldiers because they were regarded as the highest family in the land. To be a good soldier, an individual had to forfeit all other things and concentrate on serving the nation. Therefore, the role of the Samur ai was important. Katsu, Kokichi. Musuis Story: The Autobiography of a Tokugawa Samurai. Tucson: The Univ. of Arizona Press, 1995. Print. Vaporis, Constantive. â€Å"To Edo and Back: Alternate Attendance and Japanese Culture in the Early Modern Period.† Journal of Japanese Studies, 23.1 (1997): 25–67. Print. Yoda, Tomiko. â€Å"A Roadmap to Millennial Japan.† South Atlantic Quarterly, 99.4 (2000): 629–668. Print.

Elli Essays

Elli Essays Elli Essay Elli Essay Elli: Coming of Age in the Holocaust The book Elli: Coming of Age in the Holocaust provides much information on what happened during this time. It is a biography by Livia E. Bitton Jackson. Livia Jackson was thirteen when she was taken to Auschwitz. After liberation, she completed high school in displaced person camps in Germany. In 1951, she traveled to the U. S. on a refugee ship and completed her higher education, later receiving a Ph. D. from N. Y. U. Since, she has taught at several colleges and became Professor of Judaic Studies at Herbert H. Lehman College of The City University of New York. She later married, and made her home in Israel, where she currently teaches at Tel Aviv University. This is her first book. Livia E. Bitton Jackson came from a Jewish family. She loved her school, her family, the Danube countryside, the season, life itself. Elli lived in Somorja, a small sunny town, at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains when the Holocaust started. The slow drag of the war, food shortages, getting worse as the days went on, and lack of news of the soldiers on the fronts thickened the winter fog. Daily, broadcasts from Hitler were made. One of his broadcasts became a catch phrase with the Hungarian Nazis: â€Å"We will play football with the heads of the Jews. † Elli’s father used to tell her not to believe in this, that they were just trying to scare the Jews. As the winter wore on, however, her father seemed to become more and more distant. With the winter over, Elli’s birthday comes. She was now thirteen. Many wonderful things were happening. Jancsi Novack, her crush, said hello to her, she passed examinations, and she wrote for application forms to the Jewish Gymnasium in Budapest. Later that night, the Nazis returned to Elli’s house. They raided the whole entire house, tearing it to pieces. They took whatever they would like from the store, plus the family’s most precious belongings. A couple of nights later, Elli heard voices in the kitchens, which she came to find out is her Bubi. He had news for the family. The Germans invaded Budapest! Nobody knew anything about it. When the father came home from the synagogue the next morning, they thought something is wrong with Bubi because no one had heard anything about this invasion. They thought it was a false alarm, and they urged Bubi to return and finish his classes. They asked their neighbor, Mr. Kardos, who also had a son in Budapest, and he had heard nothing. They send Bubi on a train at 1 o’clock. At 1:20, Mr. Kardos returns to the family, saying he had news from his son that the Germans have invaded Budapest. Father felt horrible for sending his son back. The next morning, the town received the news. Two days late. Jews are being arrested on sight everywhere. They are herded into trains, which are locked and taken away. During that night, Bubi returned from Budapest. He managed to sneak in undetected. He tried to go on with his normal life, but people told him to run, to go home. Bubi then returned home, thinking he was safe. Nothing happened during the week in town. No news from other towns came. Then, on Saturday morning, all schools were closed. It was March 25, 1944-three months before Elli’s graduation day. Her homeroom teacher announced â€Å"Class, the royal Hungarian Ministry of Education has terminated instruction in all schools of the country-to safeguard our interest. † They were ordered to return home. That was the beginning of the end. The end came rapidly. On Monday morning, all Jews were ordered to appear at the town hall. They had to deliver all jewelry, radios, and vehicles. They had to line up and were counted, registered, and supplied with tags. A week later, Father took Elli to the basement, where he showed her a spot that he had buried the most precious jewels, in case she was the only one to return. The next morning, all Jews were declared to wear the yellow star on the left side of the chest. Any Jew seen without the star would be arrested. It also had to be painted on the wall of every Jewish home. A couple of weeks later, all kids were to report to the schools, for their report cards would be handed out. Elli found out she had received the class honor scroll. On Wednesday morning, Jews were forbidden to have any contact with Gentiles. They were prohibited to enter public places. A week passed. Another message came. All Jews were to be put into a ghetto in another town-Nagymagyar. In five days, each Jew must be ready to leave. They head out, and eventually arrive at their ghetto. Everything they brought with them was now in the yard. Elli, however, liked the ghetto. For the first time in her life, she was happy to be a Jew. She fell in love with a boy named Pinhas. He became central to Elli’s life in the ghetto. Later, they heard news about internment and labor camps. Many Jews had already been deported there. A couple of weeks after they were ordered to move to the ghetto, every man between the ages of eighteen and forty-five are to report the gate the next morning. Weeks later, the rest of the camp finds out they are being taken somewhere else. It is dark when Elli is awakened to leave. Everyone is lined up in lines. The police make them march around the town before loading onto the wagons. They travel until they reach Dunaszerdahely. This is where they were handed over to the German’s. They are put in the synagogue where there is no room to even stand, let alone sleep. They came to find out there were more than 6,000 Jews in this one place. After spending a week in the synagogue, they are deported again. Sometime during the fourth night of riding in the wagons, they arrive in Poland, understanding they are being taken to Auschwitz. They are ordered out of the wagons, and lined up in a large column. He stops each line and sends some to the left, some to the right. Elli is too young to go to the right side, however the guard tells her to say she is sixteen and sends her to the right. The road to the left leads to the gas chambers. They are taken into a long building, and ordered to undress. Anyone with clothes on in five minutes would be shot. They are then herded into the next hall, and all hair is shaven off. Then herded to the next hall, gray dresses are given to everybody to wear. Twice daily, they are ordered to line up for the Zehlappel, meaning roll call.